Coding Agents Aren't Enough! Evaluating an Enterprise Security Brain for Agentic Cloud Investigations
cs.CR, cs.AI
Submitted: 2026-09-24
Updated: 2026-09-28
Comments: 13 pages, 7 tables
Code: https://github.com/openai/codex
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The gist: Cloud-security investigation is dominated by population tasks: which identities can read a data store, how many resources fail a control, what is reachable from another account.
Terminology
Abstract
Cloud-security investigation is dominated by population tasks: which identities can read a data store, how many resources fail a control, what is reachable from another account. These resolve against a complete inventory, not a named object, so a partial answer to one is not a partial result but a different one. Coding agents can now be given read-only cloud credentials and asked to investigate directly, which raises the question of what a purpose-built security context layer still contributes. We evaluate the Sola Security Brain, a security intelligence layer whose relational substrate is resolved offline and whose security logic is evaluated against it at query time, against two coding agents operating the same live AWS environment through a read-only CLI, Claude Code and OpenAI Codex, over 28 investigation tasks. All three are scored by a blinded, tier-weighted, grounding-gated relative recall over one joint claim pool, so the scores share a denominator. The Sola Security Brain reaches 0.549 +/- 0.012 coverage against 0.340 +/- 0.011 for Claude Code and 0.281 +/- 0.006 for Codex, with the ordering identical in every grading draw. It leads 24 of 28 tasks from the cheapest model tier, at 17.8x and 20.8x lower cost per task than Claude Code and Codex. Beyond the aggregate, we describe an answer-level pattern we term sample-and-generalise: both agents enumerate a fraction of a large population, assert an unhedged universal negative, and disclose the sample size only in answer metadata rather than in the answer. In one task Claude Code reported that no bucket policies exist after checking four bucket families, in a sweep that sampled 40 of roughly 5,000 buckets, in an account where 65 buckets carry a wildcard-principal read grant.
Sources
- Cross-Vendor Sola ISPM Benchmark: Evaluating Agentic AI for Federated Identity Security Reasoning
- Does Runtime Topology Context Improve LLM-Generated Kubernetes Security Patches?
- Knowledge Graphs as the Missing Data Layer for LLM-Based Industrial Asset Operations
- ExCyTIn-Bench: Evaluating LLM agents on Cyber Threat Investigation
- SecRespond: Benchmarking AI Agents for Real-World Post-Compromise Incident Response
- Cyber Defense Benchmark: Agentic Threat Hunting Evaluation for LLMs in SecOps
- WideSearch: Benchmarking Agentic Broad Info-Seeking
- Why Do Multi-Agent LLM Systems Fail?
- SIR-Bench: Evaluating Investigation Depth in Security Incident Response Agents
- Cloud-OpsBench: A Reproducible Benchmark for Agentic Root Cause Analysis in Cloud Systems
- Benchmarking and Exploring the Capabilities of LLMs for Attack Investigations
- DiagChain: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Agents on Evidence-Grounded Attack Chain Reconstruction
- Benchmarking LLM-Assisted Blue Teaming via Standardized Threat Hunting
- Beyond Success Rate: Cost-Aware Evaluation of Offensive and Defensive Security Agents
- TAC: Hybrid IAM Privilege Escalation Detection
- Sola-Visibility-ISPM: Benchmarking Agentic AI for Identity Security Posture Management Visibility
- Open Security Benchmark: Towards Autonomous Enterprise Cyber Defense
- Budget-Aware Tool-Use Enables Effective Agent Scaling
- Over-Searching in Search-Augmented Large Language Models
- DeepSearchQA: Bridging the Comprehensiveness Gap for Deep Research Agents
Related papers
- SoK: AI-Augmented Binary Reversing
- Relaxed Sender Anonymity for CBDC Interbank Settlement: A Zero-Knowledge Approach on Permissioned EVM
- Calibration-Family Overfit: Why Trusted Sabotage Monitors Don't Transfer Across Lineages
- Estimating the Social Cost of Corporate Data Breaches
- Efficient Fuzzy PSI under One-Sided Assumptions
- Sealing the Audit-Runtime Gap for LLM Skills