Decoupling Spectral Gaps from Entanglement Complexity in Quantum Annealing

Exponentially small spectral gaps are the central obstacle to adiabatic quantum annealing, yet whether such bottlenecks demand correspondingly complex entanglement remains unclear. We show that gap scaling and entanglement complexity need not be linked. Conventional first-order transitions combine exponentially small gaps with bounded O(1) bipartite Schmidt rank, even though the critical states retain global multipartite correlations, while continuous transitions combine polynomially closing gaps with logarithmically growing entanglement. We show that each pairing can also be inverted: in a known first-order transition in a staggered-field antiferromagnetic Ising chain the gap closes polynomially despite bounded Schmidt rank, while we construct a mirror-twin manifold model whose gap closes exponentially even as its entanglement entropy grows logarithmically with system size. We derive bounds connecting Schmidt rank to Hamming-space geometry, and identify manifold density and connectivity as the ingredients that determine which combination occurs. These results show that entanglement complexity alone cannot characterize annealing difficulty, and point toward a broader search for quantum resources that capture the geometry of state evolution in Hilbert space.