Probing the wave-vector gap in nanoscale magnonics

Short-wavelength spin waves are central to miniaturizing magnonic devices and to studying exchange-dominated magnetization dynamics. Yet the wave-vector range between roughly 30 and 300 radians per micrometre has remained difficult to access experimentally, posing challenges for both excitation and detection. This Perspective reviews recent advances in emerging measurement techniques and discusses prospects for their future development. Optical and microwave techniques are restricted to the vicinity of the Brillouin-zone centre. Inelastic neutron, electron and resonant hard x-ray scattering cover the full Brillouin zone but lack the energy resolution needed for low-frequency magnons at intermediate wave vectors. This Perspective examines five emerging approaches that are beginning to close this gap: Mie-enhanced Brillouin light scattering, colour-centre magnetometry, magnon momentum microscopy, extreme-ultraviolet transient-grating spectroscopy, and time-resolved scanning transmission x-ray microscopy. For each, we discuss the physical principle, demonstrated capabilities, current limitations and prospects for development. Compared side by side, the techniques give complementary access to magnon frequencies, local stray fields, real-space dynamics and momentum-space distributions, and they differ in their sensitivity to coherent and incoherent excitations. We therefore discuss the main advantages and use cases of each technique and consider the practical requirements for addressing different scientific questions. We highlight opportunities for further development, including higher sensitivity, improved spatial and temporal resolution, and broader frequency and wave-vector coverage. Together, these advances could enable, for example, systematic studies of nonlinear magnon interactions at nanoscale wavelengths and investigations of emerging magnetic materials such as altermagnets.