How JWST is Revolutionizing Our View of Early Galaxy Formation

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has been revolutionizing our understanding of early galaxy formation over its first four years of science operations. With un- precedented sensitivity, spatial resolution, and wavelength coverage from the near- to mid-infrared, JWST has enabled astronomers to identify hundreds of star-forming galaxies at redshifts z> 8 (within 650 million years of the Big Bang) through strong spectral breaks and characterize these galaxies through sensitive spectroscopy. These capabilities have provided new insights into the stellar populations, neutral gas, nebular continuum emission, chemical enrichment, dust content, and ionization conditions of galaxies during cosmic dawn, revealing more numerous and brighter systems than anticipated from pre-JWST models. We discuss the implications of these discoveries for reionization, the buildup of stellar mass and metals, and the evolution of galaxy populations and luminosity functions. JWST is also revealing a new physical picture of early galaxies, characterized by compact, clumpy star formation, high gas fractions, and intense radiation fields. Despite much progress, many open questions remain, including the efficiency, intermittency, and stellar initial mass function (IMF) of early star formation, conditions in the interstellar medium (ISM), masses, and structure of the earliest galaxies, and the topology of reionization. Resolving these open questions will require lensing magnification, sensitive spectroscopy to > 5 micron, including with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), exploration to higher redshifts, and larger, more complete samples, helping to clarify how the first galaxies formed and evolved.