PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-Domain Field V: Unraveling X-ray Spectral Variability

As one of the first deep time-domain surveys in the hard X-ray band, the NuSTAR campaign in the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time Domain Field (NEP-TDF) offers a prime opportunity to measure variability in a faint population of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) in the medium-to-high redshift universe. In the X-ray band, AGN variability is generally caused by changes in the brightness of the corona (F int variability) or changes in the column density of obscuring material near the SMBH (N H variability). Broad-band spectroscopy (about 0.5-24 keV) is required to reliably disentangle these two phenomena. With simultaneous NuSTAR and XMM-Newton coverage---as well as 1.8 Ms of Chandra monitoring---the X-ray surveys in the NEP-TDF are ideally situated for this purpose. This work presents the first spectral modeling of the 52 NuSTAR-identified sources discovered in the latter half of the campaign, as well as a spectroscopic variability study of the entire 112-source NuSTAR NEP-TDF catalog. Seven variable candidates are identified. We find that 1000 total counts split across many (10) epochs are needed in order to detect variability. Additionally, variable sources are compared to the survey sensitivity in order to inform population synthesis models of how variations can affect the detectability of faint AGN, which dominate the SMBH accretion history. Lastly, the timescale of N H variability is investigated as a probe for the obscurer location. Significant variability is slightly more common on > 100 day timescales, suggesting that the torus may have only slight dominance in driving N H variability in faint AGN.