Quasi-periodic eruption spectral-timing: EMRIs crossing warped accretion disks
astro-ph.HE, astro-ph.GA, gr-qc
Submitted: 2026-10-07
Updated: 2026-10-07
Comments: Submitted, comments welcome!
Code: https://github.com/joheenc/qpe-fit
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
The gist: Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are repeating X-ray transients from galactic nuclei potentially caused by a stellar-mass orbiter repeatedly colliding with the accretion disk of a supermassive black
Terminology
Abstract
Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are repeating X-ray transients from galactic nuclei potentially caused by a stellar-mass orbiter repeatedly colliding with the accretion disk of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) in an extreme mass-ratio inspiral (EMRI). In this picture, the eruption arrival times encode the orbit and its relativistic precessions, while the quiescent spectral energy distribution (SED) probes the same disk and SMBH, providing two independent constraints on the same orbit-disk system. We present a joint spectral-timing framework that takes advantage of this by simultaneously fitting an analytic QPE timing model built on Kerr geodesic frequencies and a warped disk geometry, coupled to a self-irradiated disk SED model sharing the same SMBH mass, spin, and disk parameters. We apply it to the QPE sources GSN 069 and eRO-QPE2, showing that the QPE timings and quiescent spectra can be reproduced simultaneously in each, providing circumstantial support for the EMRI model and warped disks in these systems. However, given the sparse timing data in both sources, neither admits a unique solution. In eRO-QPE2, we identify six physical modes which reproduce the timings and SED comparably well, motivating denser observing campaigns to identify one unambiguously. Our results demonstrate both the promise of QPE spectral-timing as a precision probe of SMBHs, their accretion disks, and orbiting companions, and the aliasing subtleties of sparsely sampled QPE timings.
Sources
- Discovery of crested quasi-periodic eruptions following the most luminous SRG/eROSITA tidal disruption event
- Relativistic outflows power a quasi-periodic eruption: constraints on energetics, mass loss, and emission mechanisms
- QPEs from Warped Disk Collisions with EMRIs: Brightness-Recurrence Diagram and Gravitational-Wave Follow-up
- The properties of GSN 069 accretion disk from a joint X-ray and UV spectral analysis: stress-testing quasi-periodic eruption models
- Compact Accretion Disks in the Aftermath of Tidal Disruption Events: Parameter Inference from Joint X-ray Spectra and UV/Optical Photometry Fitting
- Collisions with tidal disruption event disks: implications for quasi-periodic X-ray eruptions
- Observational signatures of warped accretion flows in tidal disruption events
- The chirping of Lense-Thirring precession in tidal disruption event accretion flows
- Time-resolved Hubble Space Telescope UV observations of an X-ray quasi-periodic eruption source
- Star-Disk Collisions II: Debris Stream Dynamics and Implications for QPEs and Other Transients Near SMBHs
Related papers
- Accreting Neutron Stars in Low-Mass X-ray Binaries
- Numerical Studies of Accretion Flows onto a Neutron Star Engulfed in a Massive Star
- Secular Evolution of Quasiperiodic Eruptions: eRO-QPE2
- Collisionless Accretion of Finite-Angular-Momentum Plasma onto a Spinning Black Hole
- Impact of Magnetic Field Topology on Electromagnetic and Gravitational Waves from Binary Neutron Star Merger Remnants
- XRISM Resolve Spectroscopy of GX 5-1: Constraints on Iron Spectral Features in a Luminous Neutron-Star Binary